Prehistoric Medicine Essay

They used herbalism; the practise of using herbs to heal people. In each tribe there were shamans who would ‘exorcise ill people’ demons’ and apothecary. They had medicine men who were shamans and witch-doctors. They would provide supernatural treatments like charms, spells and amulets to ward off evil spirits. If someone was ill the medicine man would initiate a ceremony over the patient where they would use magic formulas prayers and drumming. People thought that the medicine men could contact the spirits or Gods so people looked up to them. They used healing clays to heal their internal and external wounds and just after surgery. Prehistoric people also used trepanning mainly in Peru. This was when they would drill a hole in a person’s skull to relieve pressure. It was mainly done as an emergency operation after a head wound to remove shattered bits of bone. They believed it would treat epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders. They would keep the bit of skull around their neck as they thought it would ward off evil spirits. Nowadays people use a modernised trephine instrument in a corneal transplant surgery. Early medicine for Greeks and Romans: Hippocrates: Born 470 BCE ‘Father of Modern Medicine’ He had a theory of the 4 humours. He thought that the human body contained 4 important liquids called humours. They thought if the humours became unbalanced then people would become ill. The 4 humours were black bile, yellow bile blood and phlegm. His theory was wrong but it was a breakthrough in medicine because it made people think that illness was caused by something natural inside your body instead of the Greek Gods. Quote from a book in the Hippocratic Collection of books: ‘Man’s body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦has blood, phlegm, yellow bile and melancholy (black) bile. These make up his parts and through them he feels illness or enjoys health. When all these elements are truly balanced and mingled, he feels the most perfect health. Illness occurs when one of these humours is in excess or is lessened in amount or is entirely thrown out of the body.’ Hippocrates invented the Hippocratic Oath which was taken by all physicians; this is still in use today. Herophilus: He was the 1st anatomist. He introduced the experimental method to science. He discovered that the brain controls how the body works, not the heart by dissecting human bodies. He also identified parts of the stomach. He did a lot of work on nerves. Claudius Galen: He was the Roman Emperor’s doctor. Galen’s work was based on the Hippocratic Collection. He was one of the Great surgeons of the ancient world. He added his own theory to the 4 humours theory. He developed a theory called the ‘treatment of opposites’. So if an illness was caused by heat he would cool them down and vice versa. Galen also emphasized the importance of clinical observation and would take detailed notes on his examination of his patients. He was one of the 1st physicians who used experiments in his medical investigation. Through that he proved that urine was formed in the kidney as opposed to the bladder. His most important discovery was that the arteries carried blood but he never discovered circulation.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte â€Å"The human race is governed by its imagination. †(Napoleon Bonaparte)is This quote by Napoleon shows how he believed that government should be made by the voice of the people. Napoleon Bonaparte was a great leader of war for France, and ruled as a democratic reformer. Ever since he was a kid, Napoleon had great leadership skills, and a love for the military. He was an excellent student, and he studied the tactics of previous rulers. Napoleon led many great battles and won most of them by changing the style of the army.His new tactics, leadership skills, and many conquests led him to be praised by many people. This resulted to him being appointed Consul of the French Republic and gaining political power. Napoleon Bonaparte was a democratic reformer because he granted people rights based on the ideas of the French Revolution, understood the importance of civilians, and his people viewed him as a great ruler. Napoleon Bonaparte was a ruler who granted many rights and freedoms to his people. Many of his rights were based on the French Revolution such as the idea of equality.He believed that all people should be treated fairly no matter who they are. This is shown in document four, â€Å"No one should get special treatment based on birth or fortune, and this system of equality is the reason that your English monarchy hates me so much†. Napoleon also believed that improving education was very important, and that it would help bring their country forward. This belief is shown in document two, â€Å"Of all our institutions public education is the most important. Everything depends on it, the present and the future†.He also granted religious freedom, abolished serfdom, and respected his people. All of these freedoms are freedoms that a democratic reformer would certainly give to his people. Napoleon Bonaparte was a man who loved his country and his people which he showed by giving them many rights and freedoms. Napoleon was a man who believed in his people and understood them. He mainly gave his people equality because he understood how important it was throughout his life, especially his childhood. This is shown in document two, â€Å"Before I became a ruler, I was a subject, and before that I was a student.I can never forget how powerfully the sentiment of equality influenced my mind and excited my heart†. He told his civilians that he once was one of them, and he knows how tough life can get. Document four shows how he believes he can make their lives better, â€Å"I have always been of the opinion that the sovereignty should lay with the people†. A democratic reformer would let his people have a say in their government which is exactly what Napoleon did. He wanted the best possible for his people. Unlike an absolute monarch, he listened to what the people had to say, and he based the laws on them.Napoleon Bonaparte was an understanding person who helped the voice of the people be heard . Not only did Napoleon do such great things, but his people admired and praised him as a ruler. Christians believed that God had placed him on Earth to rule as their own benefit. This is shown in document ten, â€Å"God, who has created†¦ by loading our emperor with gifts both in peace and war, established him as our sovereign and made him the agent of his power and his image on earth. † Many of his people respected him, and they were able to list many positive things about Napoleon’s contribution to them.This is shown in document ten, â€Å"Napoleon, our emperor, love, respect, obedience, fidelty, military service, and the taxes levied for the preservation and defense of the empire and of his throne†. Such praise for Napoleon by his people clearly shows that what he does is for them which is a trait of a democratic reformer. His ways to connect and make his citizens happy definitely affected the way his people think about him. Napoleon Bonaparte’s rights and ideas based on the French Revolution, a strong understanding of his people, and his people praising him as a great person all lead to the conclusion that he was a democratic reformer.It is very important to know what his views on government were and how they resulted because we can relate it to governments of today. People can compare how certain rights given to people can better their view on their government. Additionally, it is a way to compare and contrast Napoleon and his ideas to present day government officials. With all of this information, people can make many connections to present day government to other’s such as Napoleon’s. Overall, Napoleon Bonaparte was a great democratic reformer of the past of France. Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte â€Å"The human race is governed by its imagination. †(Napoleon Bonaparte)is This quote by Napoleon shows how he believed that government should be made by the voice of the people. Napoleon Bonaparte was a great leader of war for France, and ruled as a democratic reformer. Ever since he was a kid, Napoleon had great leadership skills, and a love for the military. He was an excellent student, and he studied the tactics of previous rulers. Napoleon led many great battles and won most of them by changing the style of the army.His new tactics, leadership skills, and many conquests led him to be praised by many people. This resulted to him being appointed Consul of the French Republic and gaining political power. Napoleon Bonaparte was a democratic reformer because he granted people rights based on the ideas of the French Revolution, understood the importance of civilians, and his people viewed him as a great ruler. Napoleon Bonaparte was a ruler who granted many rights and freedoms to his people. Many of his rights were based on the French Revolution such as the idea of equality.He believed that all people should be treated fairly no matter who they are. This is shown in document four, â€Å"No one should get special treatment based on birth or fortune, and this system of equality is the reason that your English monarchy hates me so much†. Napoleon also believed that improving education was very important, and that it would help bring their country forward. This belief is shown in document two, â€Å"Of all our institutions public education is the most important. Everything depends on it, the present and the future†.He also granted religious freedom, abolished serfdom, and respected his people. All of these freedoms are freedoms that a democratic reformer would certainly give to his people. Napoleon Bonaparte was a man who loved his country and his people which he showed by giving them many rights and freedoms. Napoleon was a man who believed in his people and understood them. He mainly gave his people equality because he understood how important it was throughout his life, especially his childhood. This is shown in document two, â€Å"Before I became a ruler, I was a subject, and before that I was a student.I can never forget how powerfully the sentiment of equality influenced my mind and excited my heart†. He told his civilians that he once was one of them, and he knows how tough life can get. Document four shows how he believes he can make their lives better, â€Å"I have always been of the opinion that the sovereignty should lay with the people†. A democratic reformer would let his people have a say in their government which is exactly what Napoleon did. He wanted the best possible for his people. Unlike an absolute monarch, he listened to what the people had to say, and he based the laws on them.Napoleon Bonaparte was an understanding person who helped the voice of the people be heard . Not only did Napoleon do such great things, but his people admired and praised him as a ruler. Christians believed that God had placed him on Earth to rule as their own benefit. This is shown in document ten, â€Å"God, who has created†¦ by loading our emperor with gifts both in peace and war, established him as our sovereign and made him the agent of his power and his image on earth. † Many of his people respected him, and they were able to list many positive things about Napoleon’s contribution to them.This is shown in document ten, â€Å"Napoleon, our emperor, love, respect, obedience, fidelty, military service, and the taxes levied for the preservation and defense of the empire and of his throne†. Such praise for Napoleon by his people clearly shows that what he does is for them which is a trait of a democratic reformer. His ways to connect and make his citizens happy definitely affected the way his people think about him. Napoleon Bonaparte’s rights and ideas based on the French Revolution, a strong understanding of his people, and his people praising him as a great person all lead to the conclusion that he was a democratic reformer.It is very important to know what his views on government were and how they resulted because we can relate it to governments of today. People can compare how certain rights given to people can better their view on their government. Additionally, it is a way to compare and contrast Napoleon and his ideas to present day government officials. With all of this information, people can make many connections to present day government to other’s such as Napoleon’s. Overall, Napoleon Bonaparte was a great democratic reformer of the past of France. Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most powerful individuals in history. He was a great soldier, an unparalleled tactician and a skilled administrator. His dictatorship and ruthlessness led him to his thinking that he could do no wrong. As a teenager, he grew in a revolutionary era that gave him the opportunity to become an achiever. His first military opportunity came when he became the captain at the siege of Toulon. Here, he was able to seize crucial forts even bombed the British naval and land military men. The incident brought about the retreat of the British forces. When he was the brigadier-general, he joined the military campaign in Italy but was unfortunately arrested and sent to jail because of his association to his younger brother Maximilien Robiespierre. After his release, he worked with Paul Barras who was a member of the Directory. Barras used Bonaparte’s great passion to stop a royalist mob in 1795 with what the now famous â€Å"whiff of grapeshot.† Despite Napoleon’s leadership skills, he had certain weaknesses such as impatience dislike of criticisms and over-optimism. These qualities manifested when he controlled and censored the press. Perhaps, he would be more admired if he was able to face and do something about his shortcomings rather the controlling the press. One of the grave weaknesses that he committed was actually reforming the tax system. He imposed heavy taxes in Germany and even cut off imports because of the continued wars. This actually decreased his popularity among the people. It is never a good tactic to become a dictator. A leader will only be a good one if his leadership is ratified in the hearts of his people. This was violated by Bonaparte when he opted to put the burden to the people in order to prioritize the war. Bibliography Asprey, R. (2000). The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: Basic Books. Connelly, O. (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military Campaigns. London: Rowman and Littlefield. Cronin, V. (1994) Napoleon. London: Harper Collins. Durant, W. (1975). The Age of Napeleon. New York: Simon and Schuster.         

Spain Before the Golden Age King Ferdinand and Queen...

What was Spain like before the Golden Age? King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled the kingdoms that eventually became the country of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella were intent on having a kingdom free of any faith other than Christianity. Many people were killed or even banished from the country. King Ferdinand and Isabella moved their kingdom into a great age for Spain, but did not achieve this in the best way. The marriage of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella joined their family’s two kingdoms. Queen Isabella was the daughter of King John II of Castile. King Ferdinand was the son of King John I of Aragon (When). King Ferdinand was born on March 10, 1452 in Aragon, Spain (Ferdinand II). Isabella was born in Madrigal de las†¦show more content†¦In the year 1492, the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Isabella and Ferdinand (Lewis). Under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella’s rule, Spain put an end to the Muslim domination of Granada. This victory was known as the reconquest. They gave the Muslims the choice to convert to Christianity or leave the country. The victory of the reconquest earned Ferdinand and Isabella the admiration of the pope (King). By ridding their kingdom of other faiths, Isabella and Ferdinand gained a title by the pope. The pope gave Ferdinand and Isabella the title â€Å"Catholic Kings†. â€Å"Ferdinand and Isabella were given the title by the pope in recognition of their role in ‘purifying’ the faith† (Lewis). Isabella and Ferdinand also sponsored expeditions across seas. Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to sponsor an expedition overseas. â€Å"Ferdinand and Isabella quickly agreed to sponsor an expedition across the Atlantic Ocean to be led by a sea captain named Christopher Columbus† (When). This was an exploration of the New World (Dictionary.com). Ferdinand and Isabella were quick to sponsor this expedition to strengthen Spain’s commercial prospects overseas (When). This brought not only the New World to Spain but also wealth. When Native Americans were brought back as slaves Isabella had them returned and freed (Queen). Isabella also challenged Portugal’s dominance atShow MoreRelatedThe World And Empires By Anthony Pagden1150 Words   |  5 Pagesthey had to justify their actions to the individuals occupying that land. In doing so, they fabricated what they assumed were acceptable reasons as to why an empire was more luxurious, or in other words â€Å"better†, than the systems they had in place before. The most common ideology between all of the empires was the simple idea of being â€Å"civilized† versus being â€Å"barbaric† or â€Å"savage†. Pagden thoroughly explains how the empires used this ideology and coupled it with small force to justify their actionsRead MoreLove Theme in Fuenteovejuna Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthis love is portrayed and how it relates to the moral of the story – if, in fact, there is one. 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Unlike the Aztec king, Moctezuma, who had never seen Europeans, sailing ships, horses, steel blades, or body armor before, the Spanish conquistador, Cortà ©s, recognized the similarities between the Aztec Empire and his own world based on his experience with the world and his pri or knowledge since he had the advantage ofRead MoreMarco Polos Influence on Christopher Columbus...2145 Words   |  9 Pagesyears of service under Kublai Khan safely and conveniently provided Marco with a wide range of experiences in the Asian continent. The Polo brothers, Maffeo and Nicolo Polo (father and uncle of Marco Polo) had initially met with the Khan some years before they took Marco on their second journey to China. Let me tell you next of the personal appearance of the Great Lord of Lords whose name is Kubilai Khan. He is a man of good stature, neither short nor tall but of moderate height. 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Global Leadership Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Depending on the situation, time is important in terms of finding solutions on a short-term or long-term basis. With regard to the aspect of nature as an area to explore, it is necessary to reconcile the inner and outer worlds. Numerous challenges exist at the workplace environment, and reconciliation plays an important role in managing the workplace environment (Valentin, 2001). Threats Change in income is a threat in terms of affecting my personal development either positively or negatively. Income is a motivator in terms of improving an individual’s competence in their area of specialization. However, a low income tends to affect the morale to keep learning new ideas in a particular area of specialization (Valentin, 2001). General Motors current status in terms of cultural intelligence practices As a multinational company, General Motors has its plants spread across the world and as such, the company has to work with people from different cultural backgrounds both locally and abroad. In a culturally diverse workplace, cultural tolerance is important in enhancing employee involvement. Since workers in the company are from different cultural backgrounds, they hold different values and belief systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Leadership or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now For instance, what is viewed right in one geographical area may be seen as inappropriate in another geographical location. As such, ensuring that workers understand each other’s belief system requires the development of competencies necessary to accommodate differences in culture. In terms of personal development among employees, recognition, respect, reconciliation and realization are necessary for working effectively across cultures. The Company needs to emphasize on awareness among its employees as it is important in understanding different cultural variations. General Motors employs workers across international borders, and it is important for the workers to inculcate competencies such as worldly consciousness, recognize diversity of ideas and practices and have knowledge of global dynamics (Morley & Cerdin, 2010). In a competitive business environment, understanding worldview of different cultures can help the Company to develop working modalities that capture the needs and aspiration of workers from different cultural backgrounds. In addition, the management of the General Motors should also engage in accommodating different ideas and practices. Working across culture requires the Company to recognize the skills and experience of workers in the regions that the Company has established a plant.

Supreme Court Case Wisconsin Vs. Theu.s. - 2219 Words

Alina Ramos Mrs. Heyl US Government Honors 2 December 2014 Supreme Court Case: Wisconsin vs. Yoder The United States Founding Fathers built this country, the United States, around three branches of federal government: Legislative Branch, Executive Branch, and Judicial Branch. All three of these branches contain equally amount of power. Also these branches are granted the power to keep the other branches from gaining too much power. The Executive Branch has the power to veto a bill, while the Legislative Branch has the power override the veto. But some will say that the checks and balances that the Judicial Branch has are most important checks and balances of all three branches. The Judicial Branch is made up of all the court systems in the United Sates (lower and federal courts). The highest court is the United States Supreme Court; their mission â€Å"to enforce the Constitution and the laws of the United States and to resolve legal questions that arise over how these laws are to be interpreted.† (Savage 981) How does the US Supreme Court do this? By taking great â€Å"legal questions of the day† (Savage 982) or case and making a decision. But the US Supreme Court is very picky on what case to take. They only take cases that involve with the federal law; state law stays within the state courts. The US Supreme Court only chose cases that have already been heard by all the lower courts. The side that was against can ask for the US Supreme Court to appeal the case by creating a cert

Civility in The Workplace free essay sample

Cleverly Is often thought of as good manners. Civility is based on recognizing that all human beings are important. It is not the same as discrimination. Incivility on the other hand can be defined as any type of behavior or speech that disrupts the harmony of the work or educational environment. It is not a new problem. The culture of nursing eating their young has been around for many years. Two influences have been instrumental in heightening incivility in the workplace. One has been the increase use of technology.The social medias and email make It easier to target individuals with cyber harassment and social rejection. Our world has also become desensitizing. The news media broadcasts continual violence. This disentangles people to the reality of things Like abuse, murder and crime to where It Is thought of as K or the norm. Civility is one of our foundations in nursing. It is essential to our ethical and moral obligations of caring. We will write a custom essay sample on Civility in The Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being civil to one another creates a culture of caring. It also brings about teamwork and collaboration to enhance effective communication.When communication breaks down poor care ensues. Civility is necessary to the function of he organization. How do we promote civility in the workplace? Changing a culture from incivility to civility requires choice, decisive action, and resolve. Nurse leaders on all levels from the bedside to the CON must have honest conversations about the purpose of the work they want to accomplish. Nurses may need to revise their assumptions about people. The status quo must not be tolerated. No longer can we have a culture of weve always done it this way.Silos need to be eliminated so that honest, open communication and teamwork can occur. Civility is part of the ethical code we must live by and is necessary for the orderly functioning of the organization. Incivility will occur when these codes are broken down. Toxic behaviors can range from the very serious bullying and lateral violence and the sabotage of destructive people to the annoying and hard to cope with behavior of Just plain Jerks. Toxic employees are those that are rude, temperamental, abusive, spread gossip, sabotage work processes and create fractions.While the behaviors of Jerks might be less destructive than the very toxic they can be Just as official to cope with. An example of this would be the preceptor who talks down to the oriented or blames the oriented for mistakes versus creating a learning We are all dependent upon each other, our units and our healthcare organizations to clearly define the behaviors that will not be allowed. There are several things nurses can do to protect themselves from these types of situations. Always take care of yourself. Report incidents of harassment and keep documentation of the incidents.Always take the high road. At no time allow yourself to drop down to the lower level of behavior. This is a large challenge because of workloads and time constraints nurses become tired and resistance becomes low. Always assume that a workable relationship can be established. Good relationships take time and work, but they are rewarding in the end not only for the nurses involved but for the patients. Always reach out for help. Do not try to carry the burden on your own. The culture of incivility will not change unless someone starts the process of change.

To kill a mocking bird Analysis Essay Example For Students

To kill a mocking bird Analysis Essay There is plenty of tension in this chapter and Harper Lee expresses this very well through the setting, the discomforting and yet calm dialogue between the characters and how scout reminds us of her concern for the safety of her father. Chapter XV is split into two parts really and both of these parts are set both in the evening and very late at night. This is very effective in any novel or film as darkness shows suspense. It also gives the reader an eerie sense of the environment surrounding and how characters moods differ from their usual daily attitudes. The south side of the square was deserted. Giant monkey-puzzle bushes bristled on each corner Alliteration was clearly used during this sentence which also proves very effective when creating tension. For example: He swept silently across the floor. As previously mentioned, the eerie darkness does change peoples moods and in this chapter especially, proving successful when maintaining the suspense so in order to keep the reader glued to the page. This chapter is basically just about the transferring of black defendant Tom Robinson to the county jail to which nobody agrees is the right course of action to take. The dialogue to express their concern for the safely guarded whereabouts of Tom Robinson is all but aggressive. Its night time in the quiet town, so the occupants involved in the attempt to get Tom Robinson find it In their instincts to stay discreet, which is quite a lucky advantage in Atticus favour who is guarding the county jail and who also maintains a calm attitude towards the unfair predicament he is placed under. We will write a custom essay on To kill a mocking bird Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Regardless of this discreteness, the language towards Atticus from the towns folk is still quite threatening. You know what we want, get aside from the door Mr Finch. Atticus stern and risky acknowledgement clearly shows a build up to some violence. Even though Atticus knows this, he still doesnt retreat from his post. You can turn around and go home again, Walter This episode builds up tension to a great degree of anticipation and reluctance towards the harming of Atticus or Tom Robinson. Scout feels the same way when watching which explains her unauthorised interruption just before things get ugly. She breaks the ice completely simply by just saying one short sentence: Hey, Atticus! the presence of a young child brings the overpowering mob to consider their future actions and thus forcing them to back down grudgingly for the childs sake. What Scout does is really interesting and relieves the rock solid tension between Atticus and the towns folk. She singles out Walter Cunningham and starts talking to him rationally, all the while bringing the crowd to realise that they are individuals just by what shes saying to Mr Cunningham. Entailments are bad, I told Mr Cunningham, when I slowly awoke to the fact that I was addressing the entire congregation Then he squatted down and took me by my both shoulders Ill tell him you said hey, little lady lets go boys. And they left swiftly and quietly with no hassle. This entire chapter shows Scouts great respect and love for her father. The big interruption was a prime example for this. She shows a great deal of concern when she notices how everybody looks at him and refers to him when scout is at school as nigger lover etc. But the one line that summed Jem and Scouts love and concern was: Im scared for Atticus, somebody might hurt him. Chapter XV ends happily though with Scouts delight of seeing Atticus affection for Jem who really needed it at his difficult age, simply by him messaging once through Jems hair.